INTRODUCTION: Part II (The Various Ways of Typing Christian Ethics) &III(The Theological Types of Christian Ethics)
          A. William James on Wikipedia | types of religious experience
                   "these types can be used to distinguish the ethical
                   convictions and attitudes of Christians also."
          B. Weber-Troeltsch distinction between churches and sects
             (with the addition of a heterogeneous class of mystics),
          C. Cultural Types shown (ie. Hellenistic, Latin, Byzantine)
          D. Socio-Economoic (ie. pastoral, agricultural, industrial)
          E. Philosophical

	teleological	deontological
	Roman Catholicism (Augustinian & Thomistic), & liberal Christianity	Early Christian, Calvinist & most sectarian ethics

                                                                                          Termonology

III The Theological Types of Christian Ethics
          Gilson Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages | Wikipedia
          differentiates spiritual families with respect to their use of revelation and reason
                   Tertullian family, "for whom revelation as opposed to reason, is the
                   source of all saving knowledge and who are "partisans of exclusive
                   otherworldliness"
                   Augustinian family, proceeds from revelation to reason, believing in
                   order that it may know transfiguring rather thatn rejecting culture wisdom
                   Latin Averroists, "doctrine of twofold truth"
                   Thomist family, "Synthesizes faith and reason"
                   family of Modern Devotion, "rejects the whole problem seeking
                   a "straight, practical Christian life and nothing else".

-the Christian life moves between the poles of God in Christ as known through faith and the Bible and God in nature is konwn through reason in culture
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Main Types of ethics "from this point of view are then"
1. the new law |
2. the natural law |
3. the synthetic or architectonic
4. the dualistic or oscilatory
5. conversationalist

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One-Worldly Types

IV The New Law-Type (Christ Against Culture)
          Book of Matthew: sharp antithesis between law of God through
          Jewish culture and law declared through Jesus
                    -former (Jewish Culture)possessing a validity ie. Matt 5:17
                    - ME>>is this Jewish "Culture" or law revealed to Moses?
                    hmmm
         represented in 2nd century writings like:
                   Didache,(see: Wikipedia entry | in Early Christian Writings |
                   in Catholic Encyclopedia | Didache Garrow |
                   at Spurgeon.org )
                   the Epistle of Barnabas, (in: Wikipedia Entry | in Early
                   Christian Writings | in Encyclopedia | in Ante-Nicene Fathers
                   | in the Reluctant Messenger |)
                   the Epistle to Diognetus, (in: in Wikipedia | in Early
                   Christian Writings | in Catholic Encyclopedia | in Ante-Nicene
                   Fathers | in Manachos.net
                   Tertullian (in: Wikipedia Entry | the Tertullian Project |
                   in Catholic Encyclopedia | in Early Christian Writings |
                   in Religious Texts index
         Christians a new people with new law
         duty of a holy life
         later representatives
                  Benedictine monasticism: (at Georgia College and State
                    University | at the Order of Saint Benedict | at the
                    Metropolitan Museum of art | in Catholic Encyclopedia
                   Leo Tolstoy (on Ltolstoy.com | in Wikipedia | on Literature
                   Network(read) | (ingores role secular culture played on
                    selection and interpretation of the Gospel teachings)

V The Natural Law Type [Christ of Culture: The Accommondationalist Type]
-"ought be called cultural type, since nature is known only through culture and since the members tendt o interpret and seek good and right as members of the cultural society"
          -interpret revelation of values and imperatives through Christ from
          the standpoint of the common reason of their culture
          -in general at home in their culture
          In more Detail
                   1. "imperatives of Jesus regarded as republications of
                   the law of reason and nature"
                   2. "interpret gospel values and demands through culture."
                   "elements most intelligible to culture are taken as primary
                   and they are understood in the context of the culture"
                   3. "those elements in culture ethics are selected as
                   normative which are most in agreement with the
                   New Testament
                   ("does not simply sanction prevailing culture...it emphasizes
                   the "ideal" in that morality")
                    4. harmony; melioristic (depends on human action) rather
                   than separatist or revolutionary
                    (does not aboandon other world but makes it an extention
                    of this world)
          Examples
                    James bro of Jesus: Christianity a kind of party progress
                    within Judaism(see: Wikipedia Entry)
                    Clement of Alexandria: Hellenistic idealism and Christian love
                    of God are parts of one continuous life
                    "the spirit and content of his ethics seem wholly derived
                    from his culture rather than from the church, yet the
                    content has been selected by the use of the culturally
                    interpreted gospel."
                    --unaware of how these elements of his ethics not always
                    fit together?? (see: Wikipedia | Catholic Encyclopedia |
                    Early Christian Writings )
                    Abelard: "to him law known by reason is basic; in content it
                    is, of course, the law known by cultural reason." gospel as
                    republication of law of nature(Wikipedia | Catholic
                    Encyclopedia | Midieval Sourcebook | Stanford
                    Encyclopedia of Philosophy | Public Education Site )
                    Liberal Christianity (German, English, American etc)
                    Wikipedia entry |
                            ethics made on basis for theology
                                       ie Schleiermacher: Glaubenslebre
                             Christian liberalism..."not only interprets the ethics of
                              the gospel from the point of view of culture
                            but also selects those elements in culture thics which
                              appear ideal from a Christian point of view
                            Ritschl sees moral conscience as independent of
                              religion and as prior to revelation bais for ethics
                            found by inquiry into the first principles of the moral
                            consciousness and these are then used
                              for the interpretation of the demands and values
                             of the gospel
                             in its teleological form in its deontological form
                             "In the synthesis...a certain hiatus remains
                              discernible, though there is a tendency among
                              liberals to ignore it"

Two-Worldly Types

VI The Median Types
          Common features of the Median groups
                   1. Trinitarian, or at least Bi-nitarian whereas new law and
                   natural law types are essentially unitarian
                   2. recognize that divine values are apprehended in two
                   situations or from two points of view, in the church & in
                   culture and that divine imperatives come through two
                   mediators: Christ (Bible, church) & nature (reason, culture)
                   3. They find it impossible to reconcile the two sets of values
                   or imperatives by interpreting the one through the other
                   or to find peace by eliminating one set (two-worldly as
                    oposed to one-worldly of the other types).
         differ by methods of combinging elements in Christian ethics

Three groups (the synthesists (architectonic), the dualists (Oscillatory), and the conversionists.
A. The Architectonic Type [Christ Above Culture]
          Thomas of Aquinas, Wikipedia |
          "modern" Roman Catholic Church
         Thomas's points on synthesis between natural and new law, this-worldly and
          other-worldly values, culture and gospel
                   1. though divine law is in part a republication of natural law, there are in it
                    some things which cannot be apprehended by reason
                   2. no antithesis in discontinuity.
                    values and imperatives of nature known through culture prepare for the
                    reception of values and imperatives of the gospel, though they
                    do not mediate them
                   3. practical emphasis on natural law as there is a prepatory function (so
                    at times confused with natural law type even though different)
                   4. recognizes that two sets of values and imperatives do not lie on the
                    same level, imperatives of the gospel edo not atequately supply directives
                    for the life of men in culture and those of nature don't supply adequate
                    motivation or guidance for life of man in spiritual relation to God and
                    fellow-man

B. The Oscillatory Type [Christ and Culture in Paradox]
pendulum - each movement towards one pole is modified by a pull in the oposite direction so it doesn't go to far
characteristics
          1. accepts gospel ethics in radical form, not attempting to reinterpret to seem
          reasonable to the "natural mind" (not try to qualify by making it aplicable only
          to the future or a spiritual aristocracy or existence as the architectonic type does
          2. It accepts the demands of nature as inescapable and as divine demands.
          (ie procreation, self-preservation, the maintanance of order in a wicked world,
          protection of just against unjust
          3. As values and imperatives of gospel can't be translated into the values and
          imperatives of culture, so values and imperatives of culture can't be translated
          into those of the gospel.
          4. demands of God in gospel convict man of sin in fufillment of nature & those of
          nature and culture of sin when seeks to fufill demands of gospel and abandons
          nature and culture...so like pendelum modifying each movement
          5. Peace and righteousness impossible, save as exist in faith and hope by a kind
          of anticipation....moral life and meaningfulness from beyond self
          6. various explanations of the situation
          a. man is homo duplex, spirit and body, transecndent and empirical individual
          ..a man in revolt against himself
          b. God is deux duplex: grace and mercy in Jesus, wrath and darkness in the world
          c. The world is mundus duplex: created and fallen, good and corrupted.
Representatives
          Nikolai Berdyaev: Halifax site | Online Library | at Wikipedia
          Ernest Troltsch: Troeltsch: at The Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of
          Modern Western Theology
          Reinhod Niebuhr: on Wikipedia | Books and articles online | by Paul Foreman |
          another
          Gogarten (the earlier)
          Emil Brunner
          Perhaps Karl Barth
          in past
          Martin Luther
                    ??-does not perceive gospel as a law at all
                    -imperatives of the cultural-natural world are not so much corrupted orders
                    of creation as orders for a corrupted creation
                    gospel applies to inner-being not his works in society??
C. The Conversionist Type [Christ Transforming Culture]
Like other 2 in dual recognition of divine values and imperative but has following defining features
1. Natural law, apprehended by reason, is not the true law of God mediated by nature, but the law as pprehended by a corrupted reason corrupted imperatives from a true order
2. values recognized by reason in world apart from Christ are true values for God and not just relative to the world, but the values are disordered by reason and culture, being detached from God and attached to the self or to some temporal final end
3. imperatives from gospel and Christ do not take the place of those from nature and reason, ...gospel values are final imperatives final values?
4. vision of good in Christ for restoration of the corrupted order in nature-culture (yada yada)
like new law type but rather than new society a radical conversion of existant society
conversion implies revolution, ultimately metaphysical as well as moral-(so different from natural-law type).
Examples
Paul
Augustine (although he also approaches Thomistic and Lutheran types in City of God) but his corupted good is )
Johnathan Edwards
Samuel Hopkins
Karl Barth (despite ocasional tendencies towards second mediating type)
disparate Terms/vocab

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